Auditing and Assurance Notes Essay

Week 1 Purpose of audit – enhance the degree of confidence of intended users in the financial report. Expression of an opinion by the auditor on whether – the FR is prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with applicable financial reporting framework. Opinion – whether the FR is presented fairly, in all material aspects, give a true and fair view in accordance with the framework. ASA require auditor to exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the planning and performance of the audit to Identify and assess risk of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, based on an understanding of the entity and its environment, including the entity’s internal control. Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about whether material misstatement exist, through designing and implementing appropriate responses to the assessed risks. Audit process (planning, audit evidence, audit reporting) 1. Planning Understanding the business and determining risk Assessment of the internal controls Determining ‘significant risks’ for which special audit attention needs to be focused 2. Evidence gathering Tests of controls Substantive tests 3. Formation of the audit opinion Planning Risk identification what approaches/ procedure the auditor needs to adopt to reduce audit risk. Plan- so that audit will be performed in an effective manner. Key engagement team members in the planning  appropriate quality control procedures Consideration of comparisons of the entity’s financial information: Comparable information for prior periods  Anticipated results of the entity  Similar industry information Audit Risk- the risk of material misstatement of financial report Assertion level Inherent Risk (IR)  the susceptibility (æ„Ÿå â€"æ€ §) of an assertion(ä ¸ »Ã¥ ¼  ) to material misstatement, assuming there are no related controls, IR factors are generally business risks (BR) affecting a specific account assertion. Control Risk (CR) the risk of an assertion being materially misstated because controls will not prevent, or detect and correct errors on a timely basis. CR is the impact of the presence or absence of effective internal control designed to mitigate entity’s business risk Detection Risk (DR) the risk that the auditor will not detect the material misstatement. Can be reduced by proper planning, assignment of staff, professional scepticism (çâ€"‘éâ€" ®), supervision and review Planning Materiality ASA320 Materiality – no specific criteria for determining materiality, but rather considers it a matter of professional judgement. Determining materiality for planning- 2 stages 1. An appropriate benchmark need to be chosen 2. Risk assessment based on auditor’s knowledge of client’s business

Dramatic features The Crucible Essay

‘The Crucible’ is always played exactly in its historical context with Puritan clothes and sets, it is rarely updated. What dramatic features does Miller employ to ensure the play maintains its relevance for a 21st century audience? In this essay I intend to discuss how Arthur Miller ensures that his play, which is set in Salem, Massachusetts, in the late 17th century, is still appealing and pertinent to a 21st century audience. Miller wrote ‘The Crucible’ in 1953, during the zenith of the McCarthy affairs in America. In 1692, the hysteria was owing to the alleged infiltration of witches under the command of Satan, while Joseph McCarthy was concerned with the supposed infiltration of Communists into American society. In both cases there were many innocent people accused and arrested, and panic bit into both communities. The play is relevant nowadays for many reasons: because it links with the situation in Afghanistan, it is exciting to watch because of the high tension and quite fast pace throughout, it incorporates dramatic irony to make the audience part of the action, and because it can appeal to so many different types of people. The reason why the whole Salem tragedy came about was because of an ancient paradox: a paradox still thriving and very relevant today. The paradox was the balance between individual freedom and prohibitive rules. The people of Salem had a religious theocracy, which was designed to keep the community together and to prevent any disunity in the neighbourhood. In this respect, the theocracy worked well. However, all governing systems must have rules of prohibition, or they simply will not work. Evidently, in Salem, the time had come when the repressions of order became too harsh in comparison to the dangers against which the order was set. The witch-hunt was a sign of the disarray when the balance began to swivel towards more individual freedom. An example of this paradox in modern society is the war in Afghanistan. Afghanistan was ruled by a religious theocracy, under the command of the Taliban. In order for the theocracy to be effective, the Taliban imposed prohibitive rules, such as the rule that all men must wear beards. Perhaps it was excessive individual freedom that led to the September 11th tragedy. Clearly, ‘The Crucible’ is a parable for many events like the Afghanistan situation with the Taliban. Just imagine the reaction of the Taliban if a child had started playing at ‘being an American’, like in ‘The Crucible’ children play at being witches. The anger and fear generated would have been just the same, despite being separated by over three hundred years. Even though times have changed since 1692, human nature is still identical, and tragic events like these will continue to happen because of our nature. It is futile writing a play that has a very relevant message to give to its audience, if the audience doesn’t stay until the end of the play. By using a structure that builds the tension progressively through the play, Miller ensures that his audience are kept firmly on the edges of their seats. He uses a climactic curtain at the end of each act, to entice the audience back to their seats after the interval. An example of this is the ‘cliff-hanger’ at the end of the first act, when the girls are hysterically accusing other women of being with the Devil.

Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Safety - Essay Example ucating people regarding safety precautions and providing them with information and knowledge, ergonomics is a more hands-on practice in which professionals are required to use their skills to design an effective system to prevent high levels of risk for employees (Zacharatos, Julian, & Iverson, p. 91). I would prefer to work for the mining industry as I feel that this industry has more need for designing safety practices as the workers of this industry are succumbed to high levels of risk. Hence, practicing ergonomics for this industry would be highly effective and applicable. Q2. The presentation â€Å"Goal Setting for Young Professionals† has several important points that can be of significance when planning a career. One of the most important points that grasped my attention was the differentiation between a career and just a job. Hence, the presentation emphasized that a person should choose their career path wisely, and he should not just consider it a job, but should consider it a progressive stage of life that a person needs to excel in. Q3. Developing passion and purpose in your career is a vital component to success. In order to develop passion and purpose in your career, it is highly important to be interested in the field you work in and have vigor to continue working in that field permanently. Moreover, it is also highly essential to have a dream or set goals that you want to achieve which work as fuel for your passion and set out your purpose in your career (Salvandy, p. 88). Without setting appropriate goals and defining a career path, it is difficult for a person to have passion and purpose in their career as they are usually aiming for mediocrity. Moreover, without a specific purpose in your career, any path you are on is likely to be considered the right one. Choosing career paths that interest you or offer opportunities for growth, enhancement of skills, and learning opportunities are likely to be those in which you can develop passion and

Appraisal Activity Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appraisal Activity - Article Example Tuberculosis has been a paramount concern in South Africa with the HIV infected been prone to the disease. This is a health risk for very many individuals living in an around the region of South Africa. As a result, everyone should be able to access better medical care as it is the duty of doctors and nurses to ensure everyone gets the required medical attention. South Africa has adhered to these and has ensured that medications to treat tuberculosis are available at no cost (McInerney, 2007). Nurses avail themselves so as to offer their services, and this enables them to build trust with their patients. The patients have appointments which they keep, expecting medication and advice for tuberculosis treatment. It has also been the duty of nurses to educate people on symptoms and immediate care for tuberculosis. They make it their duty to look for methods that will enable patients to remember their appointments, and also take their medication (WHO, 2007). The major challenge facing patients with tuberculosis is the lack of food. There are areas highly affected by drought, and lack of food affects the health of the tuberculosis patients. However, clinics went out of their way to provide food for these patients during their appointments. The patients were from time to time given food vouchers (WHO, 2007). Nurses taking care of the tuberculosis patients do their best to ensure food is available in areas where there is drought. They have also tried to teach family members on how to take care of the patients so as to encourage adherence to anti-TB medication. Nurses try to ensure patients access basic needs, and get social support so as to improve their quality of life (McInerney, 2007). In conclusion, it is clear that nurses have, therefore, been of immense help to TB patients. Recent studies conducted show that they have contributed to ensure adherence to anti-TB medication. They ensure that the patients adhere to medication for a period

Data preparation and network analysis Literature review

Data preparation and network analysis - Literature review Example Finding meaningful data about people’s access to urban green spaces with regard to the people’s reasons for using such spaces and when and how they use them is considerably weighed down by the fact that survey data from local authorities is rather inconsistent. Various methods have been developed to help in data collection on local green space needs. Methods such as Best Value processes are viable in realising green space needs for populations in areas such as the Madinah region of UAE. The benchmark questions used in the Best Value User Satisfaction Survey are relatively basic meaning that more viable information should be sourced from the literature review of past surveys, as well as the analysis of other similar areas around the world (Cope 2009, 174). Telephone surveys with the public can be used to find out or estimate the number of urban green space users for every green space located in their vicinity. This module of data preparation is perhaps best for the quant ification of urban dwellers’ access to green spaces and the estimation of future green space needs and the capacity of current green spaces to meet these needs. In England, for example, a telephone survey showed that 2.25 million people make a minimum of 184 visits to the nearest urban space annually (Knigge and Cope  2006, 2031). ... This is crucial in network analysis as it allows for the identification of peak times when green spaces are mostly used, as well as the documentation of whether or not the green spaces have the capacity to hold populations during peak visits (Neimeier 1997, 381). Afternoons, weekends and holiday times, are notably the key times for green space use. Other people have seasonal green space use patterns, which are largely influenced by prevailing weather patterns. Notably, men are slightly higher users if green spaces than their female counterparts. However, most local authority surveys do not give an indication on whether ethnic minority groups or disabled persons are equitably represented among green space users. This is perhaps the greatest limitation of using local authority surveys in data collection and network analysis of urban green spaces (Forman 2005, 203). As earlier cited, data preparation can take several formats. Thematic data generation is one such method. This entails the generation of area maps and conduct of an analysis of the region’s remote sensing data. Here, urban green spaces are digitised and categorised using visual interpretation methodology like Cartosat II and LISS-IV merge product in Arc GIS Ver.9.3 (Van Herzele 2003, 119). Under this module, urban green spaces are categorised as among others railway green, playgrounds, open green, water bodies, industrial green, built ups, parks and roadside green (Barbosa, Tratalos, et al, 2007, 189). Using the â€Å"selection by attribute† query within Arc GIS, the different categories of urban green spaces are separated and exported into different categories of either public and green spaces. All types of green spaces are then assigned different

International Trade Operations in Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Trade Operations in Egypt - Essay Example The paper tells that Egypt happens to be the most populated Arab nation. It also happens to be the second most populated African Nation. Most of the population of Egypt is concentrated in the big cities like Alexandria and Cairo and in and around the Delta of the Nile Valley. The population in the rural areas in Egypt is on the decline because a large number of Egyptian populations are migrating to the urban hubs to assess a better life style and to benefit from the economic development taking place in these urban hubs. Egypt could be classified to be a well educated nation with its literacy rate being 71.4 percent. In Egypt education is free right up to the university level and it is compulsory from age 6 through 15. The long standing Egyptian President, Hosni Mubarak had to resign following large scale political protests in the nation, predominantly led by the young people. In the year 2004, the Egyptian government initiated large scale economic reforms aimed at privatizing the los s making public sector units and rationalizing the tariffs and taxes. Egypt experienced a commendable economic growth, resting at 7 percent till the year 2008. However, with the onset of the global economic crisis, the economic growth went below the earlier 7 percent mark. Considering the recent, widespread political protests in Egypt, the rate of economic growth could be expected to remain low for the time. However, it could reasonably be assumed that Egypt is gradually moving towards a democratic, parliamentary form of government. With the initiation of the political reforms, the Egyptian economy could favorably be expected to align further with the Global economic trends and Practices. Slide II Egypt is not only the home to a fast growing population, but, the positive thing is that a majority of the Egyptian population comprises of young people and the aged constitute a miniscule of the Egyptian population. It is a fact corroborated by commonsense that young people are usually mo re open to new ideas, ways of doing things, products and services. Besides, young people are usually more informed about the global trends be they political, economic or culinary. Also considering the large size of the population that mainly comprises of young people, Egypt will have to import more food products to feed it. Going by the fact that most of the Egyptian farming and diary is concentrated in the Nile Valley, which comprises of a meager arable land, not capable of producing enough food to feed the large Egyptian population, it could well be expected that in the times to come, Egypt will have to rely on the outside sources to feed its fast growing population. Also, going by the concentration of young people in the Egyptian population, in the times to come it could safely be assumed that this relatively young population will exhibit a marked preference for foreign foods and culinary delights. In that context, it is a propitious time for the Content Cow Diary to export its p roducts to Egypt. If it forays into the Egyptian markets right now, it could pragmatically expect to consolidate its position in the Egyptian markets, in the times to come. Slide III International trade to a large extent is determined by the free interplay of demand and supply and the economies of scale that varied nations command in the context of specific products. If one looks at the GDP of Egypt, one could easily see that the agriculture sector contributes a meager 14.4 percent to the national GDP (CIA The World FactBook, 2012). In contrast, the other pillars of the Egyptian economy that are industry and services sector contribute 39.5 percent and 45.8 percent respectively to the national GDP (CIA The World FactBook, 2012). Thus, it will be quiet realistic to assume that the agriculture sector in Egypt is not well developed and modernized and could not be expected to churn out enough to be able to feed

American Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Women - Essay Example The wishes and desires of women are one of the aspects that have been significantly the least bothered and taken care emotions and feelings (Hewitt, 2002). However, by having a glance at the vogue and drift of the American history, it can come under observation that social norms and culture of United States of America has undergone a radical change in the latter half of the last century. With this change, American women experienced revolutionary variations in the behavior and approach of the general population towards women in an array of problems that includes their freedom powers and liberties (Hewitt, 2002). Family came under contemplation as the most important aspect of the American society in the early years of the twentieth century where matrimony and parenthood were the primary and fundamental elements for the American civilization. During this time, the men in the society played a strong dominant role and reached their zenith in bulldozing the women only to underscore their f amily and children as their top-most priority (Hewitt, 2002). The trend of marriage at a very early age without finishing the education came under surveillance also became an essential component of their customs and norms. In addition, the women came under coercing that husband and home is the only imperative and vital facets of life and the governing subjects did not consented women to have their dreams, desires, and objectives. The family was an essential component in the American society but large families with many children was another conventional and emblematic component of it (Kendall, 2001). The era of twentieth century portrayed and depicted a single woman in American society as a very abominable woman, while looking at the broader side of the continuum; a single and pregnant woman came under deliberation as utterly and entirely a contemptible and deplorable person by the society where nobody from the common people residing in the neighborhood welcomed her. Nevertheless, du e to increasing methods of birth control gave the initiation and rise for the need to develop the proper birth prevention medicines (Kendall, 2001). With the growing necessitate of the American women for the pregnancy prevention medicines in conjunction to the growth, expansion and innovation in the field of science, quite a lot of ways and methods have come under development that can prevent the birth control or contraception in women. Birth control pill is one of the oral or the articulated form of counteracting the birth prevention or averting the pregnancy (Kendall, 2001). The interest and the origination of the birth control methods date backs to several decades with a group of scientists’ experiment of discovering the knowledge about how to prevent the women from being pregnant when she is already having a fetus inside her. However, few years later after the development of these contraceptive pills, the authoritative body responsible for the approval of such activities granted them the permission to launch and bring into play into the market. These pregnancy prevention measures soon became accepted, admired and endorsed amongst women with the passage of time and gave rise to the women’s right of freedom (Zonderman & Shader, 2006).

Impact of Exposing Personal Data Research Proposal

Impact of Exposing Personal Data - Research Proposal Example Customers provide information online due to many reasons, but most importantly, they provide information mostly on the website. Due to the lack of technology and measures of customer personal privacy, online businesses fail to protect their database by security breaches conducted by hackers or cybercriminals. The data including all the personal information of the customer is breached resulting in exposure of thousands of authentic customer personal information and financial status. In order to conduct a security breach on the web server, cybercriminals use the Internet, as a carrier along with intelligent codes that are purposefully constructed to extract confidential information, the most favorable point of attack is the web server. The information that is provided online by the users is gathered in a database that is connected to the web server. Hackers and cyber criminals deploy various methods to attack web servers in order to extract information that is stored in the database. D ue to this reason, business suffers severe losses from data theft issues as in 2009 investigators related to data breach reported from Verizon business that crooks nabbed 285 million records. (Larkin 2009) Peter Tippett, who is the author of the report and vice president of innovation and technology with Verizon Business, says that the report includes all the IP addresses associated with the account that is used in the thefts, and criminals are identified only because of in-depth investigations by collaborative support of law enforcement agencies including FBI and Scotland Yard,. From this particular report, 90 security breaches were studied out of which 68 were reversed for further investigation to a specific IP address and location. The conclusions highlighted Eastern Europe as a common source followed by East Asia and North America (Larkin 2009). 1.1 Social Networking Sites Moreover, social network sites are another domain that is of prime concerned, in the context of exposing pe rsonal privacy. People are spending an enormous amount of time on these websites, and are becoming habitual of online communication, which portrays a negative impact on face-to-face communication. The teenagers are not aware that the information and published material including pictures can be retrieved even after deletion from the social networking site. By oversharing, personal information may attract cybercriminals, burglars and even employers who can evaluate values of a person by reviewing comments on the site that may compromise the individual to lose his job. There is no credibility of the user authentication of what they are claiming to be on social networking sites. Users trust textual communication from these social networking sites more than emails. The security of these websites can be compromised anytime and can publish communication or personal pictures on the web if breached.  

The Role of Power and Politics in Organizations Assignment

The Role of Power and Politics in Organizations - Assignment Example The company that I am going to focus on is called Procter&Gamble. This company was set up a bit more than 180 years ago. The company operates in more than 190 countries and it is planning to expand its performance. Being such a giant in the world of washing powders and cosmetic utilities, the company should meet certain high requirements both in the public and inner policy of the company. The purpose of the company sounds as â€Å"to provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders and the communities in which we live and work to prosper† (http://www.pg.com). Having a purpose signifies about the planned strategy and policy of the company. Moreover, the company has the clearly-stated vision and strategy. The feedback from the customers is greatly a ppreciated since it adds to the improvement of the company. P&G claims it is striving for the life quality improvement but not for its income. The company has worked out the program of introducing environmentally friendly products. The policy of the company is based on the rule â€Å"to create the prosperous company from within it†. It implies the profound staff and management policy. The general goal of the company is to improve the life of every customer and to make him/her loyal to the company. The major elements of any organizational culture, such as purpose, values and goals, originate with the company formation and they are maintained and are to be transferred to the next generations. The growth strategy that the company of P&G sticks to means attracting new customers every day and making their life more meaningful. â€Å"Our Values reflect the behaviors that shape the tone of how we work with each other and with our partners†( P&G Must Proceed With Caution). Pro cter&Gamble has many principles that it demands from its staff and management. First of all it takes care about respect to each individual -no matter weather it is a customer, a manager or a potential buyer. The organization is indivisible from the people working for the organization and those people who keep it on float. The customers’ needs and demands are the top priority for the organization. The whole functioning of the company is strategically planned and worked out. Certainly, there are some cases, when a company has to act spontaneously in certain circumstances, but in general in has the plan of its development, operation and marketing. The next principle that is of great importance for any company is the one about innovations. Bringing in innovations is the main engine of the company’s development. Innovations are accepted both in the sphere of the product quality and in the sphere of advertising ad merchandising. The next point deals with competition – the company wants to be the best in its field. The only way to win the competition is to gain the customers’ loyalty and work on constant improvement of the company’s performance. Moreover, the company is focused not internally but externally. It means that the feedback with the customers is the dominant element for it. It cannot be said that the managerial system, and corporate culture is ignored - it is just not as important as knowing

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Art history - Essay Example This is an appropriate comparison as both this piece and many pieces which have been found on the walls of pyramids, are symmetrical and surreal with extremely high activity which serves to tell a story. By symmetrical it is meant that the right and left side of the mural is equivalent in color scheme, size of characters as well as their placement. For example, Jesus, while centered in the upper quadrant of the piece, is accompanied on both sides by two angelic creatures. The similarities to Egyptian pyramid murals is also visible in the life-less qualities of the two dimensional people included in the work. An example of this is the depiction of feet. Jesus’ feet in this piece, are eerily small compared to the rest of his body which is a continuity of disproportion. The angels on either side of him, resemble deer with human-like faces with angel wings. On both sides of the lower portion of Jesus’ positioning, there appear to be votives held by ascending chains. It is not clear what they are but what is clear, is that they are in equal proportion on the left and the right sides of Jesus. This could be assimilated to weights and balances which often represent justice and fairness. These could also be the ornate objects used by priests in the catholic church, in many religious ceremonies, as a symbolic act. The middle to lower portion of the piece is marked by 12 or so individuals with glowing halos above their heads. Certainly this may b e and is most likely, the 12 apostles of Christ. They appear to be glorified similarly to Christ but certainly not to the same extent. They appear below Christ and the angels which makes sense within the natural order of Christian belief and Biblical ideology. In this same portion of the mural, below the throne of Christ, there are what appear to be two windows or doors, which are each guarded or inclusive

Business information and their sources Essay Example for Free

Business information and their sources Essay This report aims to show the different forms of information used in HM. It will tell us if we need to improve on any of our methods of communication, or if we need to enhance any methods we use. Internal information is when it can be found from inside the business, such as previous sales records. External information is when the information needs to be found from outside the company, for example in books or customer feedback forms. Primary information is when you have received the information fist hand, either through a report or through surveys. We need internal information for evidence so nothing is mis interpreted within the business. Internal information can be previous records, we need these to write reports and to make sure the business isn’t at a loss. HM need external information to monitor new trends so we can stay ahead of fashion. We do this by getting our internal and external customers to complete questionnaires. It is important that we do this so our customers always stay interested in the clothes that we have on offer so we do not lose any business. Combining internal and external information is very effective because your ideas can be expanded by using existing ideas but with our own unique twist. So we can take an existing idea on a clothing range, but then add something to it based on the feedback and ideas we get from our customers. Internal information can be more important for HM than external information because it includes private details and information of the company that cannot be found anywhere else. This would be needed if we were to start a sale because we’d have to know what products are not selling well to put them in the sale. However, external information can be seen as more important that internal information because it includes new information from customer feedback. This is much needed because it would help our business form fresh ideas and to help us move forward. Internal information cannot help us do this. HM need primary information to help the business run smoother and gain new  ideas. We can do this by getting surveys from the public to get more ideas on things we can sell or do in store. Primary information is very useful because it can be used for a lot of different things, for example customer service or new clothing ranges. Also it is usually very reliable because you have created it. Secondary information can also be used to gain new ideas. We can use secondary information to do this because the information has already been created so we could just expand on the information to make it unique and our own. A combination of primary and secondary information is important because it means that we can monitor our own records and also monitor our competitor’s records so that we can always try to stay on top. Primary can be more important than secondary information because we are actually creating the informatio9n so it is 100% reliable whereas secondary information is not always be reliable because it was created by an unknown source. Verbal information is when it can be spoken, for example a phone call. In our company, we give verbal information to our staff and customers. We verbally give information to our staff because it is quick and easy. Written information is written down to pass information, for example a letter or email. We use written information to communicate because it can be used as confirmation and it is harder to be forgotten if you have it written down. We also give written confirmation to our customers all the time, for example receipts. We do this so there is proof of purchase and there is no mis understanding between the business and the customers. Multimedia can be shown through moving adverts or audio. It is a very effective way to present information because it engages the reader a lot more than a bit of writing on a piece of paper. We use multimedia in different ways, for example, on our website there are videos of our products being modelled and shown on the catwalk. We use multimedia in this way so our customers will stay engaged and will be more interested in our products if they see them on top models. Using a combination of verbal and written information is more effective than just using either one of them. Having a staff meeting is quick, easy and usually there isn’t any miscommunication. To guarantee that there has been no mis communication, you can send an email after the meeting has taken place just too highlight was said in the meeting. Verbal information is  sometimes better than written information because if we needed to pass information on to our team, having a meeting where we could easily speak to them all at once is more appropriate than using written information by sending an e-mail or letter where there could be mis-communication. Written information can be better than verbal information when for example we needed to confirm a purchase with a customer. We would need to give them a type of written confirmation because if the sale was done verbally, information could easily be forgotten or mis-communication could occur. To conclude I am going to summarise this report. The way we use internal and external information is very successful because HM uses original ideas combined with ideas from customer feedback to improve the way the company functions. How primary and secondary information is used in the company is also successful. This is due to us using our own reliable information (primary) and comparing it to our competitor’s information (secondary) to monitor whether we are currently popular or not. Verbal and written information is the most effective way of transferring information within HM. This is because there is a very small chance of mis-communication if verbal and written information is given properly. To fully conclude, HM are transferring information successfully in all different ways.

Worst Car Accident I Have Ever Had Essay Example for Free

Worst Car Accident I Have Ever Had Essay I felt a big thud at the front of my truck, and at that moment I did not know what had happened. Seconds later I felt my body turning with the vehicle. I grasped the wheel really hard with both of my hands, while the glass shattered in to pieces. My head, my chest, and my arms were soaking in blood. My heart was beating very fast. I thought it was the end of my life. That summer day on 2004, I was driving back from work in the afternoon and I took the South Beltway 8. When I was passing under the bridge on Harwin Street, the car in from of me suddenly move to the left lane. After that, I heard a heavy blow and my pick up truck went flying into the air. I did not know at that moment what happened. Later, when all was calm, I got out the truck, and I sat on the pavement. It was an amazing picture. I was very nervous while and arms bled from the wounds. Immediately, the paramedics and police had arrived, while a helicopter was flying over the area of the accident. I waited for the paramedics to come to my aid. Then they placed me on the stretcher very carefully and took me to the ambulance. The paramedics took my blood pressure and quicky wrapped my head in bandages. I also remember seeing a police officer who entered the ambulance only to put me a traffic ticket. I simply told the police officer that it was not my fault, that someone had left his car in the middle of the freeway. The ambulance took about ten minutes to arrive to the Southwest Memorial Hospital. I remember that in the Hospital they took many x-rays, and put me on a machine to get a scan. There was not found internal bleeding. Then the doctor said that the wounds were not so serious. I spent almost three hours at the hospital. I had not called my family, because I did not want them to worry. When I arrived at my home, I told my wife all about the accident. Finally, after a long day. I sat in a chair on the balcony of my house. I thought about the terrible accident that had happened. According to this experience I learned that life is to short and nobody knows the future and I never thought that I would had such a serious accident.

The prophet muhammad and the environment

The prophet muhammad and the environment As inhabitants of this world, human beings are constantly interacting with our environment and the outcome is that the environment is changing. Now it seems beyond neither the human control nor even the measurement of modern technologies. The environmental protection agencies, enormous institutions, organizations and ecologists all over the world are making their maximum attempt to preserve the environment; but unfortunately the environment degenerates day by day to a horrible state. The whole world is under the threat of Global Warming and Ozone Depletion. What Causes Global Warming And Ozone Depletion? Scientists have determined that a number of human activities are contributing to global warming by adding excessive amount of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide accumulate in the atmosphere and trap heats which may gradually exit in to outer space. Scientists tell that Deforestation is the very significant source of greenhouse gases because when the trees are fewer in number, there is less carbon dioxide conversion to the oxygen. Human use of fossil fuels is also the source of excess greenhouse gases. When the greenhouse gases grow, more heat will be trapped in the atmosphere and get less back to the space. Because of these, the climate changes and the weather structure alters which definitely hastens species extinction and adversely affects the length of seasons worldwide. It will cause the coastal flooding and lead to more frequent and severe storms too. According to the current statistics, since 1970 more than 30 per cent of natural species have been destroyed. Consumption of natural resources and carbon dioxide emissions have both doubled over the last 40 years and continue to grow at an increased rate. Most of the countries have projected to lose more than 10 per cent of their forests over the next few years. Toxic chemicals which are mostly the emissions from the industrial sectors are widespread in the environment and about 10 per cent disease is caused by environmental pollution. The natural calamities like flood, earthquake, tsunami, and storm have increased unparalleled in history. Most of the world regions are counted to be the earthquake or other calamities prone areas. Epidemic diseases like AIDS, SARS, Bird flue dominate one by the other over the public health. Even though the hospitals, medical institutions and medical colleges numerically increase they all become mute spectator to the steady deterioration of public heal th. The death caused by this kind of disastrous epidemic diseases increase in a horrible situation. A build-up of man-made chemicals in the atmosphere causes ozone depletion. The main chemical is CFCs (Chlorofluro carbon) that are used in refrigerants and aerosol spray propellants. CFCs are easy to store, chemically stable and non- flammable; hence they float in the atmosphere. They rise for about 8 years until they reach the ozone layer and they will be broken at there by large amount of ultraviolet radiation. CFCs contain one Fluorine atom, one Carbon and three Chlorine atoms. When ultraviolet radiation and CFCs work chemically the Chlorine atom is free and it can continue to destroy 100,000 of ozone molecules. If the atmosphere is cold the effect will be too worse. Scientists could find out that it has been very cold in the stratosphere in the last few years. Modern aircrafts transportation and supersonic airplanes also contribute to ozone depletion by putting some toxic chemicals in to the atmosphere. Another man-made chemical, which also causes ozone depletion, is methyl bromi de. It has been used in many different pesticide applications since 1932. It is regarded to be 50 times more destructive to the ozone layer than CFCs. Many A Mischief Done By Men: The Holy Quran undoubtedly points out:- â€Å"Mischief has appeared on land and sea because of that the hands of men earned† (30: 41) Here the Holy Quran warns men that if they trespass on and overexploit land and water the overall outcome would be too unfavourable. Imam Fakru Rrazi narrates this quranic verse as:- â€Å"The epidemic infections, draughts, flood etc are meant by the usage of Holy Quran ‘Fasad i.e. mischief has appeared on land and sea† (Thafseerul Kubra) So the increasing natural calamities must be the requital and outcome of mens activities of misusing the natural resources. The creation of Almighty GOD Allah is perfect. Allah says: â€Å"You can see no fault in the creations of the most beneficent. Then look again. Can you see any rifts† (67: 3) So the Holy Quran asserts that whatever the change the nature turns to is not its own, but the results of mens activities. Prophetic Jurisprudence Of Environmental Protection: The Almighty GOD Allah has created every thing in this universe in due proportion. No one can find out any faults in Allahs creation. All the creatures from the tiny microbes to large living animals and all the materials from tiny particles of molecules to the largest galaxies are in due measure both quantitatively and qualitatively. The whole universe is open to men to use for his benefits but not to misuse or trespass natural rules. This Islamic basic concept toward the environment is revealed by this Quranic verse:- â€Å"Have you not seen that God is glorified by all in the heavens and on the earth such as the birds with wings outspread? Each knows its worship and glorification, and God is aware of what they do†. (An-Noor 24: 41) The Holy Quran says: â€Å"There is not an animal in the earth, or a flying creature flying on two wings, but they are communities like you; We have neglected nothing in the book; Then unto their Lord they will be gathered† (Al- An-aam- 6: 38) This Quranic verse describes that Allah did not miss any thing that is important for a meaningful existence. All the living organisms in the environment, they are also communities like human beings having the right of life in this earth. So, the basic and first concept of Prophetic Teaching towards environment is that all the living and non-living things in the earth are created by GOD in due proportion and divine object. All other living beings are as communities as human beings, so they also have the right to live in this environment. Secondly, Islam gives men the right to use the natural recourses for his use. The Holy Quran says: He Who has spread out the earth for you and threaded roads for you therein and has sent down water from the sky: With it have We brought forth diverse kinds of vegetation. Eat and pasture your cattle; verily, in this are signs for men endued with understanding. (Surathu Twaha- 20: 53) According to this verse the environment including of all its living and non living creatues are created by God for mens benefits only. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has taught that earth is subservient to man, but it should not be misused, overexploited or abused. This is the third concept of Prophetic teachings towards environment. This concept basically forms environmental protection or solution to the environmental problems. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) says: â€Å"The earth has been created for me as a mosque and a means of purification† (Swaheehul Bukhari- 1: 331) Land and water that are created by God in due proportion for the benefits of men must be regarded to be sacred. Prophet Muhammad (s) emphasizes that earth is not only a pure entity but purifying agent also. By informing men that the earth is sacred land, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) teaches men to keep the land always clean and tidy. Environmental Cleaning: One of the reasons for global warming is that the environment is being treated as dump for waste disposal. And as a result pollution is increased everywhere. Land, water and air have been polluted with toxic or non toxic hazardous waste from the towns, buildings, factories and houses. The land, air, rivers and seas provide dumping grounds for the waste, which can be environmentally too harmful. The environment is able to absorb some types waste up to certain levels of emissions. Beyond that level environmental pollution is likely to accelerate. As wastes grow, so environmental degradation is also most likely to grow at a faster rate. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH0 had put forward a preventive measure for the environmental protection, that is complete cleanliness of nature. Allah says in Holy Quran: â€Å"Verily, Allah loves those who turn to him constantly and He loves those who keep themselves pure and clean.† ( 2: 222). Islam makes purification a responsibility of men. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH0 has taught: â€Å"Purification is half part of Islamic belief† (Swaheehu Muslim: H.No: 432) Prophet Muhammad(s) mentioned purification in general, which includes the purification of body internally and externally and his environment also. All kinds of purification are the responsibilities of true believers. According to this Hadeeth, Islamic belief (Eeman) of a person can not be regarded to be perfect without due cleanliness in his body and surroundings too. Purifying human bodies by ablution or ritual bathing benefit him to prevent many infections that are caused by virus or bacteria. Purifying the nature prevents environmental pollution. Responsibility Of Environment: Who has the responsibility of the environment? Is the God responsible for it? Or the environment itself is responsible? Or those who have the right to use all natural resources for their use are responsible? Definitely, according to Islamic concept, those who are living and use the nature are responsible for nature. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has taught: â€Å"Every one of you is guardian and will be asked about his subject† (Swaheehu Muslim) Prophet Muhammad (s) was very strict that men should handle every thing on this earth with extra care. If man is much aware of his responsibility of environment, he cannot disfigure and spoil the resources available in the nature. The Prophet was becoming increasingly sensitive when he was traveling with his Swahaba and he was telling â€Å"Do not encroach on the trucks on the habitats of these wild beasts and animals, you are to share the earth with them† Overexploiting Natural Resources: Another reason for the global warming and all other environmental problems is that men overexploit the natural resources. Allah the Almighty has taught in Holy Quran obviously that the earth and resources are for the benefits of men, but it should not be overexploited. The land provides us food, mines, quarries and oil wells provide us with fuels and raw materials, forests provide us wood, and seas provide us with fish. Allah has given the right to extract raw materials for production process and to cultivate crops, vegetables and fruits for mens use, but the same time He has prevented men to use these resources by extravagance. This Islamic rule also forms as a preventive measure for the environmental problems. The Almighty Allah says: And it is He Who produces gardens trellised and untrellised, and datepalms, and crops of different shape and taste (its fruits and its seeds) and olives, and pomegranates, similar (in kind) and different (in taste). Eat of their fruit when they ripen, but pay the due thereof on the day of its harvest, and waste not by extravagance. Verily, He likes not Al-Musrifoon (those who waste by extravagance)†. (Al-Anaam -6:41) Allah says in another verse in the similar meaning: O Children of Adam! Take your adornment while praying and going round the Kabah, and eat and drink but waste not by extravagance, certainly He (Allah) does not like Al-Musrifoon (those who waste by extravagance).† (Al-Araf- 7:31) These Quranic verses clearly encourages men to use several fruits, crops and other natural resources and prohibits men to waste there of. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has told that Allah hates extravagance. â€Å"Narrated Ash-shabi: Al mugheera wrote; â€Å"I heard the Prophet saying: Allah has hated three things: 1- vain talks that you talk too much or about others. 2 Wasting of wealth by extravagance, 3- and asking too many questions† (Muslim H no: 591) Conservation of water: Water is a gift from God and source of all life in earth. Conservation of this vital element is very important to the preservation and existence of life in its various forms. The Holy Quran points out: â€Å"And We have made from water every living thing.† (21:30) â€Å"Consider the water which you drink, Was it you that brought it down from the rain cloud or We? If We had pleased, we could make it bitter† (56: 68- 70) â€Å"And we caused rain to descend on you from heaven to cleanse you therewith† Allah reminds men the value of water through these verses. Allah has made the use of water a common right of all creatures. So all living and non living creatures are entitled to use and share it without monopoly, wastage, extravagance and despoilment. Prophet Muhammad (s) lived in the desert environment where water was very synonymous to life. Though the two third of the globe is filled with water many regions, countries and communities all over the world are suffering from the lack of water. The water levels in rivers go down so as a result the water level in the nearby wells goes down and people face the difficulty to get the water both for their life and multinational purposes. Narrated Jabir (R): Prophet Muhammad (s) has prohibited passing urine in stagnant water† (Swaheehu Muslim, Riyalu Sswalheen: H.No: 1772) Prophet Muhammad (S) strictly prohibits taking more water than necessary. Making ablution by washing more than three times is considered as ‘Karaha i.e. discouraged by Islam. Even if you are making ablution from a large water reservoir, or from a flowing spring or near to river you must not take water to wash a particular part of body more than three times. Prophet Muhammad (s) perceives it as extravagance. Any human activity that impairs the structural and biological smooth functioning of water, whether by misusing or lavishing or polluting it with urine or any other dirty substances is really against the Prophetic law of preserving environment. The root cause of environmental problems is the reckless behavior of men by polluting the nature that would definitely make it unsuitable for his use. So man is baited against man. The Prophetic teachings not to pass urine in stagnant water and to lavish drops of water even for making ablution ultimately form a splendid methodology to preserve the water; that all other ecologists, scientists, and environmental protection agencies have been seeking for a methodology theoretically sufficient and pragmatically effective to preserve the environment. Treatment of Animals: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) believed that animals, as indispensable part of the environment, should be treated with dignity and respect that they deserve. He had considered camels and horses courageous companions during his journeys and battles. So prophetic teaching basically has enjoined up on men right environmental relation ship with animals. It is not allowed in Islam to kill animals except for food, but in some cases only some animals can be killed when they endanger the human life. Islam allows hunting but it must be for the necessity. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) could not put up with unnecessary hunting of any animals. Ibnu Masood said: We were traveling with Prophet Muhammad (s), when he left us for while we could see a bird with its two chicks and we too the chicks. Then the mother bird started spreading its wings. When Prophet(S) came and saw this, he said â€Å"who caused her to take away her two children, return her two children to her† (Bukhari Muslim) Prophet Muhammad(s), more than any other ecologist, has realized the feelings of relation between mother and children birds; that is why he reacted when he saw the feelings of mother bird. Narrated Hisham bin Zaid: Anas and I went to Al-Hakam bin Aiyub. Anas saw some boys shooting at a tied hen. Anas said, The Prophet has forbidden the shooting of tied or confined animals. (Swaheehul Bukhari- Book 67, Hadith 421) Another Hadeeth: Narrated Ibn Umar: that he entered upon Yahya bin Said while one of Yahyas sons was aiming at a hen after tying it. Ibn Umar walked to it and untied it. then he brought it and the boy and said. Prevent your boys from tying the birds for the sake of killing them, as I have heard the Prophet forbidding the killing of an animal or other living thing after tying them. (Swaheehul Bukhari- Book 67, Hadith 422) Prophet Muhammad (s) has prohibited killing some animals: â€Å"Narrated Abdulla Bin Abbas: The Prophet Muhammad (s) prohibited to kill four creatures: ants, bees, hoopoes, and sparrow hawks†. (Sunan Aboo Davud- H. No: 5247) Prophet Muhammad (s) teaches that there would be a reward for from Allah for serving any animals. Narrated Abu Huraira: Allahs Apostle said, While a man was walking on a road. he became very thirsty. Then he came across a well, got down into it, drank (of its water) and then came out. Meanwhile he saw a dog panting and licking mud because of excessive thirst. the man said to himself This dog is suffering from the same state of thirst as I did. So he went down the well (again) and filled his shoe (with water) and held it in his mouth and watered the dog. Allah thanked him for that deed and forgave him. the people asked, O Allahs Apostle! Is there a reward for us in serving the animals? He said, (Yes) there is a reward for serving any animate (living being). (Swaheehul Bukhari book73, Hadith 38) This Hadeeth gives us unique lesson. He understands the thirst of dog and tells that it also has the same set of thirst I had. The way that he has poured the water in to dogs mouth is certainly a unique one that we can not see same sort of way to deal with any animals any where in the history nor in the modern practices of preserving nature. Narrated by Ahmad: â€Å"If you kill a sparrow senselessly, it will hasten to God on the Day of Judgment, and it will say: Oh Lord so and so killed me for play not for use† (Mishakathul Masabeeh) These Prophetic words reflect the reverence, respect and great love to the animals. According to Prophetic teachings, killing an animal without giving food, drinks, or even by disturbing it will cause a man to go to Hellfire. â€Å"Narrated Ibnu Umar: Prophet Muhammad (s) said- A woman she tied a cat has gone to Hellfire; she neither fed it nor allowed it to find food of its own†. (Bukhari Muslim, Riyalussaliheen- H.No: 1600) Through these Hadeeths, Prophet Muhammad (s) prohibited killing or disturbing any animals. He orders men to be kind towards all living beings in the earth. â€Å"Allah, the great and omnipotent, will do his mercy to those who do their mercy (towards the living beings in the earth). So do mercy to every living being in the earth, then Allah and his angels will do the mercy towards you† (Bukhari Muslim) This is a broad concept of treating the animals. Whatever men can do to treat and protect animals, that are considered to be mercy and Allah will give his rewards for that. Not only physical harm to animals but insulting or cursing animals is also prohibited by Prophet Muhammad (s). â€Å"Imran bin. Husain reported: We were with Allahs Messenger (may peace be upon him) in some of his journeys and there was a woman from the Ansar riding a she-camel that it shied and she invoked curse upon that. Allahs Messenger (May peace be upon him) heard it and said: unload that and set it free for it is accursed. Imran said: I still perceive that (dromedary) walking amongst people and none taking any notice of that. (Swaheehu Muslim: Hadith.No: 6276). This prophetic concept not to curse or insult an animal is almost very humane perspective. According to Quranic lesson a human must not curse another human, this is because the dignity and respect of the men are highly considered. Similarly, the indispensable role of animals in this environment is something great and they too perform their functions in the nature. As they do their role in here, they also deserve their dignity. So any animal must not be cursed. In Islam, to slaughter an animal Muslims have to use sharp knife in order to save the animal the pain associated with the use of an object. Prophet Muhammad (s) used to tell his companions: â€Å"Shaddid bin. Aus said: Two are the things which I remember Allahs Messenger (may peace be upon him) having said: Verily Allah has enjoined goodness to everything; so when you kill, kill in a good way and when you slaughter, slaughter in a good way. So every one of you should sharpen his knife, and let the slaughtered animal die comfortably. (Swaheehu Muslim:, Hadith 4810). Prophet Muhammad (S) teaches Muslims to consider the psyche of an animal to be slaughtered. The hadeeth usage â€Å"And let the slaughtered animal die comfortably† is almost a very natural perspective toward the pain and sufferings of an animal. Prophet Muhammad (s0 has shown great sensitivity and gentleness. Throughout his life, many hadeeths and incidents obviously show that He was extremely sensitive toward the sufferings of animals. That is why he recommended using sharp blades and an easy method in order to the animal can die quickly with as little pain as possible. He has also prohibited slaughtering an animal in the presence of another animal and sharpening the blade in the witness of the animal which is to be slaughtered. If you let the animals witness the sharpening of your blades, according to Prophetic teachings, it is almost similar to slaughter the same animal twice. â€Å"Ibnu Abbas reported: A man has kept a sheep laid down while he was sharpening his blade. Then the Prophet told: Would you like it to die twice? Why didnt you sharpen your blade before lying it down?† No other religions, isms or any other social leaders too can put forward this kind of noble ideology of extreme sensitivity to the feelings and sufferings of an animal. In short, prophetic environmental teachings recommend to consider the animals as indispensable part of ecology. So it must get the dignity and respect that it deserves. Men must be sensitive an all dealings with animals, no matter whether it is to be slaughtered or not. Through his example of sharpening knife in front of animals He teaches men to consider the feelings of animals. If had practiced the Prophetic ideology to protect the environment through preserving animals, we would have overcome the horrible situation of global warming and all other environmental degradation up to an extent. ‘Planting a tree: Plants are an integral part of the environment. One of the reason for global warming and other environmental problems is that the plants have been lost all over the world due to human activities and as a result carbon dioxide absorption has been decreased more than 30 per cent within the last 50 years. â€Å"If you have a means to plant a tree, start digging† is the instruction presently given by the ecologists to preserve the nature. Plants Absorb carbon dioxide and give off the oxygen during the photosynthesis time. A single plant would be able to absorb one ton of carbon dioxide approximately during its life time. Many an infections and disastrous diseases too are becoming increasingly widespread very faster than ever before because of that a large amount of poisonous carbon dioxide is left in the atmosphere unabsorbed. This will adversely affect the immunity of the human body also. Those who leave no stone unturned in getting the environment preserved can really appreciate the greatness of prophetic teaching of â€Å" plant a tree†. Jabir (Allah be pleased with him) reported Allahs Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: Never a Muslim plants a tree, but he has the reward of charity for him, for what is eaten out of that is charity; what is stolen out of that, what the beasts eat out of that, what the birds eat out of that is charity for him. (In short) none incurs a los! k to him but it becomes a charity on his part. (Swaheehu Musli- Hadith No:3764) Another hadeeth: Jabir bin . Abdullah (Allah be pleased with them) reported: I heard Allahs Messenger (may peace be upon him) saying: Never does a Muslim plant, or cultivate, but has reward for him for what the beasts eat, or the birds eat or anything else eats out of that. (Muslim Hadith no:3766) This holy Hadeeths not only comprise of the vital important of planting a tree, but also the very structural and biological inter relation of plants, birds, human and other animals. In the second Hadeeth, the usage â€Å"to cultivate† is very important regarding with the preservation of all kinds of cultivations. According to the meaning of this Hadeeth, who ever does some thing to preserve the environment, he will certainly get the charitable reward from the creator of environment. Planting a tree is not only benefited for contributing fruits or seeds but for the carbon dioxide absorption also, which in turn purifies the whole living atmosphere. Prophet Muhammad (s) prohibits cutting and destroying trees. â€Å"Narrated Hassan ibn Ibrahim: I asked Hisham ibn Urwah about the cutting of a lote-tree when he was leaning against the house of Urwah. He said: Do you not see these doors and leaves? These were made of the lote-tree of Urwah which Urwah used to cut from his hand? He said: There is no harm in it. Humayds version adds: You have brought an innovation, O Iraqi! He said: The innovation is from you. I heard someone say at Mecca: The Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) cursed him who cuts a lote-tree(without justification). He then mentioned the rest of the tradition to the same effect. (Sunan Abudavud: Hadith No:5221) Another hadeeth can be read like this: â€Å"he who cuts a lote-tree (without justification), God will send him to Hellfire†. Those people who cut the trees just for some celebrations and festivals, those countries that destroy forests for the sake of competing development, and those institutions and industries that wipe out plants for their temporary purposes must think about the prophetic teachings of environmental protection. They must understand that what ever they are doing for the sake of industrialization will finally turn to be harmful to their own development. Dont contribute to your own destruction: Allah the almighty says: â€Å"Dont make your own hands contribute to your own destruction, but do good only, for Allah loves those who do good† (Holy Quran- 2: 195) Through this verse Allah prohibits men doing any activity which in turn will contribute to his own destruction. Researchers could find out that about 80 percent of tobacco users will get cancer or some other diseases. Islamic scholars then have given the Fathwa that tobacco consumption is prohibited in Islam according to this verse. Same is the case with environment also. Allah prohibits men destroying animals and plants, and polluting water, land and air through this verse. Because these all can contribute to the destruction of human being as well as the environment. PROPHETIC TEACHINGS AS ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: Prophet is the pioneer of environmental preservation. The words like ‘conservation of water, ‘ecology, ‘environmental awareness, ‘sustainability etc can be seen in many Quranic verses and Holy Hadeeths. He taught that the natural resources are created by God Allah for mens use. The same time, men dont have any right to overexploit or misuse these natural resources. One of the reasons for environmental problem is that the scarce resources of nature are overexploited. Industrialization has done a major role in this. Prophetic lesson only can solve these problems. Whoever extracts raw materials, oils, and mines, who ever cultivate vegetables and fruits and who ever take water and all must be aware of prophetic environmental ethics that it should not be misused or rather overexploited. This is the only way to protect our limited natural resources. Secondly, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has given the responsibility of environment to men. He will be asked about his nature also. We can not see this seldom explored ideology in any other religions or scientific books. If men had thought about his responsibility of all the living and non-living creatures in his surroundings, most of the species would have had lived here and the whole environment itself would have left tidy and suitable to use. Prophet Muhammad (s) had taught not to pollute water, air and land. He also had taught the way how to treat animals and to plant trees as many as possible. From these noble environmental ethics, we can realize Prophet as a great ecologist, scientist and pioneer of environmental protection when scientific outfits and innovations were nothing. Hence, those who spend a lot for environmental protection must take into account the noble ethics of prophet Muhammad(PBUH), and do the best to be practiced every where. The whole ecological harmony and biological relations that the prophet Muhammad (S) advocated between human and his nature has today almost lost. As the whole world is under the great threats of many kinds of natural calamities and these are basically caused by pollution, over exploitation, desertification, animals destruction and deforestation, it is the exact time for the whole world community to think about it seriously and find out the best effective environmental ethics to b e practiced. Definitely the sound and effective environmental ethics are lying in the noble teachings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). So, let the world community as a whole take a leaf out of the Hadeeths and find out the solutions for current environmental crisis. References: 1- Holy Quran 2- Swaheehul Bukhari 3- Waheehu Muslim 4- Sunan Aboo Davud 5- Mishakathul Masabeeh 6- Riyalu swaliheen 7- Complete Biology/ W.R Pickering/ Oxford 8- Biology in Action/ Poole, Pikley, Johnson/ HBJ 9- The Facts on File Dictionary of Biology/ Elizabeth Tootil/ Oxford 10- Islamic Sciences/ S.Waqar Ahmed Hussain/ Good word Books 11- Muhammad A Mercy to all Nations/ Al Hajj Qasim Ali Jairazzbhoy 12- Economics/ john Sloman/ fifth edition/ prentice Hall 13- www.searchtruth.com

The Importance of the Cloak in Homer’s Odyssey :: Homer, Odyssey Essays

The Importance of the Cloak in Homer’s Odyssey      Ã‚   Near the end of the fourteenth chapter of Homer's Odyssey, the main character, Odysseus, announces that he is about to tell a story to his swineherd, Eumaeus, and several other workers inside the swineherd's hut. Odysseus warns the men that his story is the result of his drinking with them, but the story is actually a test of his swineherd's character. Disguised as Castor's son, a rag-wearing beggar with no possessions, he tells the men a story about fighting alongside the man who, secretly, he really is. Homer emphasizes Odysseus' great mind when he acts the part to its entirety even when his own story is twisted to today's reader. In the tale, his fellow soldier at Troy, Odysseus, is able to manipulate another soldier into taking a request for reinforcements so that Castor's son can sleep under the departing messenger's cloak.    Both in his story and within the hut, Odysseus is the manipulative character, and the ultimate outcome of both is the temporary use of a cloak for Castor's son to sleep under. Knowing the limited resources of the swineherd and his own abundance of cloaks at home, Odysseus frames his story so that the swineherd would consider lending his guest the use of a cloak rather than telling a tale with a moral of being generous and gift giving. The swineherd is able to show his guest hospitality yet face no loss by the lending of a cloak. This insight shows the maturity and development that Odysseus has experienced along his journey home; a younger and less experienced Odysseus may not have considered the importance of the difference between lending and giving when the host is a man he employs.    For twenty years Odysseus was away from his home of Ithaca, and in this time he faced several events that would change the way he would see the world. Witnessing such events as the breaking open of six of his innocent soldiers' skulls by a Cyclops (Homer 132) and the feeding of another six of his men to a six-headed beast (Homer 186) played a large part of the changed man that returned. Though a changed Odysseus awoke on the beach of Ithaca, he would have to force all the lessons of two decades out of his personality and into the efforts to regain his life; he would need to use the strength he gained from his experiences to conceal his identity behind a mask of weakness.

Affirmative Action: Giving Preferential Admissions to Minority Students

Should universities eliminate affirmative action polices that give preferential treatment in admissions to minority status? â€Å"Anyone interested in higher education should want to contemplate, on behalf of colleges and universities, students and faculty, alumni and paying parents, the fate of affirmative action(Chace, M William 20). The Oxford Dictionary states Affirmative Action is â€Å"an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.† In 1961, John F. Kennedy signed an Executive Order calling for â€Å"affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.† This is now known today as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(EEOC). Affirmative action policies would later be forced upon businesses and have also been instituted at many universities where minorities are given preferred admissions over non-minorities. An Example of this would be at the University of Mic higan where applicants who represented racial or ethnic minorities were given 20 points towards admission out of a 150 point system where only 100 points were needed to gain admission. Trying to put the 20 points in perspective, applicants with perfect SAT scores only received 12 points toward admission. This system was later struck down by the Supreme Court, but another similar policy was upheld at the University of Michigan Law School. With how diverse our society is currently compared to years ago, it seems to compliment that the policies have indeed worked. But now, the policies are questioned by many as whether or not they moral, constitutional, and/or... ...s Cited Charles, Camille Z., et al. "Affirmative-Action Programs for Minority Students: Right in Theory, Wrong in Practice." The Chronicle of Higher Education 55.29 (2009). Academic OneFile. Web. 9 Aug. 2011. Selingo, Jeffrey. "New Study Questions Educational Benefits of Diversity." The Chronicle of Higher Education 49.29 (2003). Academic OneFile. Web. 9 Aug. 2011. Connerly, Ward. "My Fight Against Race Preferences: A Quest Toward `Creating Equal'." Chronicle of Higher Education 46.27 (2000): B6. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 17 Aug. 2011. Chace, William M. "Affirmative Inaction: Opposition to affirmative action has drastically reduced minority enrollment at public universities; private institutions have the power and the responsibility to reverse the trend." American Scholar 80.1 (2011): 20-31. History Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. 18 Aug. 2011.

themes of cervantes don quixote Essay -- essays research papers

Themes of Cervantes’ Don Quixote Miguel de Cervantes’ greatest work, The Ingenious Gentleman, Don Quixote De La Mancha, is a unique book of multiple dimensions. From the moment of its creation, it has amused readers, and its influence has vastly extended in literature throughout the world. Don Quixote is a county gentleman disillusioned by his reading of chivalric romances, who rides forth to defend the oppressed and to right wrongs. Cervantes presented the knight-errant so vividly that many languages have borrowed the name of the hero as the common term to designate a person inspired by magnificent and impractical ideals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cervantes’ theme throughout the novel is consistent and straightforward. Despite the lengthy digressions and numerous episodic adventures, the theme of the novel is clear- the values of the Golden Age have been lost over the centuries and must be restored for the good of society. Before the fall of man when the earth was still a paradise, Don Quixote explained to some goatherds, â€Å"all things were held in common, and to gain [man’s] daily sustenance no labor was required of any man save to reach forth his hand and take it from the sturdy oaks that stood liberally inviting him with their sweet and seasoned fruit (134),† making it needless to steal, cheat or lie. He went on, â€Å"fraud, deceit, malice had not yet come to mingle with truth and plain-speaking.† Because the world is no longer in such a state, however, â€Å"the order of knigh...

Aggression in the 1930s

Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin are two of the most prominent figures in world history.   Both are intimidating personalities recognized as dictators in their own countries.   Hitler and Stalin are also similar for having significant roles in the aggression in the 1930s that was World War II.   However, it must be noted that Hitler had a more distinct role in the World War II than Stalin.   Though both men were active dictators during the Second World War.Adolf Hitler had a bigger responsibility in the conflict than Joseph Stalin.Hitler and Stalin were both dictators.   It is appropriate to give them such title as they had absolute power over their respective countries.   They had similar strategies and motives in terms of their aggression that resulted in the war.For instance, both men were motivated by a superiority complex.   Hitler was a firm believer in the superiority of the German race (Weinberg, 2008).   He asserted that Germany needed vast areas of land for ex pansion, so he attacked other countries to create an expansive territory for Germans.   It was this attack which brought Hitler and Germany at the helm of the global conflict.Likewise, Stalin also had a superiority complex.   Immediately after succeeding Lenin as the head of the Soviet Union, Stalin inspired a culture of self-glorification (Perry, 1989).   It was therefore no surprise that Stalin entered into an agreement with Hitler.The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact stated that the Soviet Union would not intervene with the German aggression against Poland on the grounds that it would receive half of the acquired Polish territory (Knight, 2008; Perry, 1989).However, despite the distinct similarity, there was a significant difference between the political roles they played in the Second World War.   Hitler proved to be the more aggressive dictator, as he initiated the war itself.   On the other hand, Stalin merely tolerated Hitler’s aggression.   Though the Sovi et Union had made an alliance with Germany, this did not guarantee immunity from the said aggression (Weinberg, 2008).Stalin and the rest of the Soviet Union were alarmed when Germans attacked them (Knight, 2008).   It became evident that Germany was in the center of the war, since it began to bypass the authority of the nations it had alliances with.Eventually, it was proven that Hitler had a more dominant political role in the war than Stalin.   Stalin was a mere participant in the German aggression; in time, he and his country became the victims.   It was Hitler who was in control of the war situation.Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin were dictators who took part in the aggression during the 1930s, resulting in the historical event known as World War II.Their aggression was both motivated by a sense of superiority, and their strategy included the participation in the war.   Nonetheless, there was a difference between the leaders.   Hitler had a more dominant political role in the war, since he started the international conflict.   He was powerful enough to undermine an alliance with the Soviet Union to further his ends.Meanwhile, Stalin’s aggression was only evident in the agreement with Germany.   Hence, Adolf Hitler had a bigger political role in the Second World War.ReferencesPerry, M. (1989). A History of the World.   Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin.Knight, A. (2008). Joseph Stalin. In Microsoft Encarta Online Dictionary. Retrieved December 18, 2008, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559200/Stalin.htmlWeinberg, G. (2008). Adolf Hitler. In Microsoft Encarta Online Dictionary. Retrieved December 18, 2008, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556540/Hitler.html

7 up video response

Seven Up (Bruce) During the documentary, many of the sound concepts of development over the emotional statespan were displayed. protrude of the seven up root word I decided to focus on Bruce. Although the group of seven came from a very versatile socioeconomic scope they ar all told British. I was divorceicularly interested in how Bruce would turn out, in regards to his influences of culture, class, socioeconomic status, individualised attri plainlyes, and available affair models. In the Bruces minimise I observed that he seemed to be a little better take than the others in the group of seven.I say this because his family move him off to a embarkation indoctrinate. embarkment schools can be rather expensive relative to the institution. They are also a little stricter in disciple and learning, with a very robust separate system. As far as socioeconomic class, I believe Bruce may retain a better chance at come through because, according to our Human development book, high up socioeconomic status is an important prognosticator of academic success, according to a shoot . One of Bruces main sources for influence is his boarding school environment.Bruce states, l think discipline is fair enough which contradicts what he photograph says to the highest degree the average 7 class non thinking too oft or non brain discipline. The read also says, This distinction between liberty and discipline is the key to their whole succeeding(a). Its with child(p) for me to make a original prediction about how Bruces racial or ethnic heritage has or testament influence his future. Bruce seems to be very calm, puff up organized, and confident. Hes a white British young-begetting(prenominal) living in England.Ethnically and racially hes at home with others sightly interchangeable his self, so many of the customs, traditions, and language Bruce should be long-familiar with composition growing up amongst others handle imself. Bruces gender and hi s influence on his scent out of future prospects is another area that is hard to analyze. When Bruce speaks its never for a long uttermost of time but he continuously seems to reply in a all of a sudden and brief but realistic answer. duration some of the other seven verbalize about how girls dont do what they want them to Bruce talks about how he has a missy in Africa that he force not ever see again.I would describe Bruce as a strong, calm and collective boy, hes not as fidgety as the others. Bruce seems to be very confident in what he says and wants, this may be due to his discipline. These internalizing attributes might tending Bruce overcome challenges in the future such as doubt and incredulity that could arise later in life when choices become more difficult to make. My beliefs are that Bruce has great core values because, he works well with others.In the film Bruce state that he wanted to go to Africa to help uncivilized people this to me signals that Bruce has so me grapheme of either religious or ultraistic background which plays an important role in instantaneously Bruce sees things. Assuming that Bruces girl champ from Africa was black, and the people from Africa that he wants elp are as well tells me that Bruce doesnt support a problem with diversity inappropriate some of the other seven. In regards to the observations I made above I unfeignedly believe that Bruce will probably go on to finish school and go to a university of some sort.At the boarding school that Bruce attends discipline is a big part of the curriculum this leads me to think that Bruce will be good at an authoritative role. peradventure landing a Lead role as a manager, or supervisor, Just because he understood the discipline and knowing from young not to have problems with authority. His intimacy of girlfriends seems to be neutral, he id say that he had more than ane girlfriend, but Im not sure if he was speaking in language that I misunderstood nub he had mor e than one friend that was a girl or he actually had a polygamous relationships.If Bruce does have his eyes on more than one girl from young, then maybe the channel may lead to divorce, but thats not to say that he is incapable of change. at long last Bruce seems to be very content with his menstruation state of being. He doesnt seem unhappy, but yet very certain of what he wants to accomplish for example talking about wanting to go to Africa to help the ncivilized. In all I agree with the Jesuitical proverb, show me a child of seven, and I will give you the man.Although it served as the inspiration of the documentary, I feel like there is a strong confederacy between your personalities when youre young compared to your older self. The heavy concepts of development over the lifespan were displayed while observing Bruce and it gave me a better understanding of how Bruce would turn out in regards to his influences of culture, class, socioeconomic status, personal attributes, and available role models

Bruno Bettleheim’s “The Use of Enchantment”

Since it exists an individual can not deny collective guilt on survivors portion.Together with classics, there are great classic story books with the adventures of licensed characters, irony, and new story books with every possible topic.These many books entertain children and teach them at the oral same time. Some books include brief history and political science lessons. Other features of these books include dinosaurs and other animals.Maybe a whole range of these know Yiddish.A book like â€Å"The Three Little Pigs† new teaches hildren how they can live in brick old houses in order to protect themselves from enemies. It helps children develop defensive mechanisms against harmful animals logical and other things. Other books like â€Å"Goldilocks† teach children how that there is nothing, which is ever right. It educates children on the relative importance of acknowledging mistakes and correct them.

Obviously, for whatever there what has to be some recognition that theres a organic matter and sadly not everybody seems convinced.Bettelheim used the theory as the daily basis to explain the significance of symbolic and emotional messages to children.The present author believed that when children read conventional little fairy tales, they develop and mature emotionally. For those who tend to avoid the economic theory of Freudian, â€Å"The Uses of Enactment† is suitable for the translation of old stories. Some of the stories may instill fear in childrens summary developing minds.Thats merely a fairy tale if people say! Stories should explain how our existence.He compares and contrasts differences in various other stories with their symbols. On the other hand, those who do not concur with Freudian theory will how find several unanswered questions from â€Å"The Uses of Enactment. Generally, analyses by Bettelheim Bruno is essential in examining the importance of good fa iry tales to childrens owtn These books expose other kids to ditterent contexts, cultures, and themes. They consider also expose children to different character traits.

The short story appears to be straightforward and simple to follow, how ever a interpretation is simple.Old stories can be a late little more detailed and a little longer.The parents can logical not meet with your children demands logical and can not afford to feed the children.They are forget not as prepared to accept the concept that they can famous teach only by example, while they are all different set to teach their kids discipline logical and understand that they are the ones to do so.

After seven or six, once the kid begins to lose their baby teeth, he or shes ready for more drama.Bear in mind, its not vital to have a story every moment.Because the whole course needs writing there will not be a midterm or final.When applying for a position to last get a milieu therapist, your work experience is taken into consideration.

Theories of Social Inequality

Karl Marxs sup property to rationalise companionable disparity is ground on the n unriv on the whole(prenominal)edquivalent naval function of resources amongst dickens aggroups middle flesh and the toil, or the golded/ business organization avowers and the laborers. harmonize to Marx, the middle clique induce the m unmatchedtary advocator to increase frugal resources, as they own the businesses where the confinement moldiness sour to pull in funds to survive. The bourgeoisie primary(prenominal)tains this position by remunerative the task just now decent to give for his or her fundamental ineluctably of survival. Marx states that the bourgeoisie relieve angiotensin-converting enzymeself the well-disposed rules, pagan judge and orms, and the working severalize goes on with it.This thinking is the piece of ass for what Marx calls, out of true consciousness, which is the conception that the establishment is on the job(p) and thither is no rationality to shift it because the labor applys that cardinal sidereal day he result incur the bourgeoisie this false entrust is what keeps loving discrimination in a regular cycle. Marx believed that neighborly inconsistency female genital organ be inflexible by dint of the abolishment of capitalist economy altogether. He suggested that this could be do practicable if the proletariat would carrell up and revolt, and sharpen up against capitalism by refusing to ork and plow their precise rich labor, which the bourgeoisie of necessity in send to survive.Marx did non fulfill favorable disparity as inevitable, contradictory sludge weber. The tush for webers supposition seat be found in Karl Marxs supposition, scarce takes it a bar hike and breaks the complaisant organise up however more. gibe to guck webers hypothesis behind accessible discrimination, in that respect be 3 major(ip) components that gaming into creating an mismatched persona in community cordial class, emplacement in society, and semi semipolitical parties. all(prenominal) group immediately relates to one a nonher, although they be not all the very(prenominal) matter. Weber contends that affable classes atomic number 18 dual-lane because of authentic life styles or opportunities that ar aban through with(p)d toa person.If a person is innate(p)(p) into a fuddled family, he or she is mechanically provided with a life-style that forget incite him or her into triumph by dint of currency and/or properties, which ineluctably make waters an prospect for occasion. This demonstrates how money and power distinctly shapes classes. Classes do not forever relieve oneself up communities though. Communities argon molded by affable position, which is one thing that Weber is wee-wee about. friendly situation is defined by the pportunity for a pixilated lifestyle. The main rest surrounded by emplacement and class is that of the value agreement inwardly individually of the groups.Through a lifestyle that one lives, ideals and set be developed, which creates ones political stance. political parties ar a direct musing of the regulation that creates class and brotherly stipulation. They be all intermingled class determines kindly status, which shapes ideals inside a political party. Weber makes a grueling short letter that tender stratification is inevitable or guaranteed because lifestyles (which you argon born into) create status groups and nce those ar established, oer a period of time, the populate expect them as status quo.Once a streamer of life is set, it is rargonly moved. Karl Marx dodge behind affable inequality is most compelling. It explains that social inequality, which is foul to so many, can be resolved. His guess gives hope for resolution and even up offers a syllabus of run to do so, nevertheless at that place set out been undersized don e by those who olfactory sensation akin they are ladened by the dirty division ot resources to draw near up and diversify the system which oppresses them. Marx theory is sempiternal and continues to deliver to those issues which are seen in todays society.

Explore How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between George and Lennie

In conventional song and dances, hellions atomic number 18 military someonenel eating beasts. The prince normally deports the princess and they abide extinct jubilantly of all sentence later. 18. 10. 10 The chief(prenominal) themes in a handed-d own song and dance argon unceasingly either found on hook/ trick & Evil. The primary(prenominal) elements ever much atomic number 18 the opposition (the big(p) guy), the genius (The dear guy) and mainly roughlytimes the supporter. In conventional cock-and-bull storys the antagonist, the champ and the helper atomic number 18 pr do workically sterile, adult maleeuver Cinderella for exercising the princess is doting reckonted, beautiful, slight and variety show.The prince is al manners much handsome, c injurying, brave and stiff The pictorial matter Shrek begins in a tralatitious mode by use the or so commonplace express one time upon a time that gives you an melodic theme that the buck h as utilise some handed-down phrases. sanitary you depose consecrate by the root step image that Shrek is diverse to a handed-down fairytale on how it designates Shrek doing his own liaison. Shrek is genuinely non kindred a unimaginative prince. Shrek is an hellion which uncoiled hap come forward array puts a get a line in your creative bring forwarder of the a desire a dirty, al branching and nauseous and excessively could be the enemy. The medication when we start-off bear upon Shrek is a polyphonic sound. It doesnt authentically go the things he was doing.For example, when Shrek is in a mess up bath. The harmony gave you a apt/ evoke shade and quite an a nigh/ distressing motion picture it similarly sets the modality through emerge the motion picture. Shrek threatens the villagers in the contract. On this mise en scene you await Shrek as a good monster, which figures pitiful and too truly godforsaken with his loud-mouthed un toughened he scares onward the villagers. The way Shrek arranges, it makes out that he is very wild and scrappy and excessively the he could harm the villagers. In the scene with the villagers, a tight-fitting up is employ to show the fact of Shreks search and how enlarged he supposes and what he rattling looks analogous terminal up.I do pret fetch up Shrek is a binauraltypic monstrosity at this dapple because he fits with his disposition intumesce on how a scary, sinister person he sometimes apprize be. When Shrek figures Fiona he drags her out by her arm which is non a prince similar thing to do. This shows you Shrek does act homogeneous an Ogre. Princess Fiona responds in a floor way, She thought that Shrek would come in and traverse her of her feet quite he through with(p) the foe and on the button dragged her out and besides he didnt obliterate the tophus which is non manage a rescue Princess Fiona remained.The medicament we nab when we branch gear meet passkey Farquard is non digenetic and overly parallel. It matches on how we first hold passe-partout Farquard. When we first hear the music it suggests that entitle Farquard is cockeyed and almighty around wish a uninventive prince. When superior Farquard threatens the spice pelf man it makes us sound off this is non how a uninventive prince would act. uninventive princes act redolence and fondness and ennoble Farquard acts devilish, cruddy and demanding. skipper Farquard acts disgust when he barings out Princess Fiona is an the Tempter.You back end fork passkey Farquard is floor and johnt deliberate his eyes. The ikon noble Farquard gives the sense of hearing is that he is not a stereo typic prince and is more desire an evil overbearing prince which makes us square off his full-strength colours. I mean entitle Farquard is not a unimaginative prince because he is not handsome, attract or kind and shows he is wholly after marrying Princess Fiona to fit king. Shreks swomp is what I think of how an demons station would look bid. Its daunting. a ruin, disintegrate and grubby.manufacturing business Farquards fortification is what Id want a citadel to look bid its appealing, gigantic, dazzling and stylish. Shrek is not like a stereo typical fiend at the end of the film because you suck up the significant side of him which is sweet, caring and loving. Shrek is not like a traditional fairytale because every(prenominal) caliber is not like its stereotypical character. You wouldnt commonly find a princess which becomes an ogre or an ogre that marries a princess in like manner Lord Farquard who you would expect to be the champ is real the antagonist.

Categories of Evasion Techniques

Categories of de blot Techniques sub over receivable(p)ance proficiencysThe verge invalidateance technique groups totally the manners mesh by malw atomic number 18 to deflect sensing, epitome, and considering. The equivocation techniques depose be separate into tierce full categories, namely, anti- pledge techniques, anti- sandbox techniques and anti- analyst techniques. Anti- hostage techniquesThese techniques be utilize to void ruleion by antimalwargon engines, firewalls, employment containment, or opposite tools that hold dear the environment.Anti-sandbox techniques These techniques be employ to disclose self-winding outline and parry engines that storey on the behaviour of malwargon. invent register cardinals, deposits, or movementes cerebrate to practical(prenominal)(prenominal) environments lets malw be last if it is discharge in a sandbox.Anti-analyst techniquesThese techniques argon apply to find out and suck up malw argon ana lysts, for example, by descry monitor tools much(prenominal) as march adventurer or Wireshark, as sound as round process-monitoring tricks, packers, or bewilderment to avoid filch engineering. many move malwargon samples employ deuce or three of these techniques together. For example, malwargon tolerate exercise a technique alike(p) RunPE (which give outs whatsoever former(a) process of itself in recollection) to escape antimalwargon softw atomic number 18, a sandbox, or an analyst. practical(prenominal)ly malwargon chances a specialised registry distinguish colligate to a virtual environment, al down in the mouthing the little terror to duck an self-acting sandbox as fountainhead as an analyst attempting to naughty-energyally run the guess malw be double star in a virtual mould. It is cardinal for security enquiryers to down the stairsstand these shunning techniques to escort that security technologies go along viable. Malw ar espial on acti ve thingumabobs The staple fibre inequalitys between a PC and prompt maneuver atomic number 18 forced in wrong of numeration power, reposition and peculiar(a) barrage fire resources. The targeted exploits of meandering(a) malw ar be excessively importantly unlike from those on PC due to the differences in direct ride outss and hardware. For e.g. volume of expeditious thingamabobs are base on the phrase architecture. Hence, we read to suffer due setting when employ the PC ground methods for wide awake contrivances. The staining method mustiness expenditure computer storage and computational resources businesslikely and not run out the braid battery. The spying method must be cost-efficient to modify everyplace the radio set ne some(prenominal)rk. on that point are both full general slipway of protect the supple device. maven is to passing play shield at the device take aim and the other is to asseverate apology at the interlo ck aim by inspecting packets bound(p) for the device. gimmick base security describes and cleans malware including vir customs, Trojans and spyware that are installed on the device whereas communicate ground tribute looks to detect and proscribe intrusions in the interlocking. Malware compendium compartmentalization tout ensemble miscellanea approaches interpreted in the writings undersurface essentially be reason into two types (i) ground on features displace from an un jammed unruffled mutation of the possible file and (ii) ground on kinetic features of the packed executable file. These approaches are however classified advertisement into skin senses base, air base, crossbreeding ground and gondola education ground approaches. theme song base approaches are unreserved and qualified to prevail online in really time. They detect precisely cognize malwares and are not useable for spy new, undiscovered and sneaky malwares. They are le ss(prenominal) coercive with remark to safety valve techniques (i.e) obfuscation transformations understructure comfortably kill jot- found spotting mechanisms. A signature interconnected algorithm is sanitary fit for use in clear upicious device examine due to its low recollection requirements. air establish approaches are intentional for analyzing the malwares dynami send fory, thereby allowing it to detect secret malwares efficiently. They deposit on formation diagnose sequences/graphs to moulding a vindictive stipulation/pattern. Behavior-based methods and machine learning methods are dynamic approaches. Anomaly-based approaches, as well as cognise as write-based approaches, visibleness the statistical features of chemical formula traffic. each deflexion from the profile willing be tough as risible. They detect antecedently unknown quantity attacks, just now they showed senior high fabricated-positive ratios when the public activities ar e unhomogeneous(a) and unpredictable. Specification-based approaches are kindred to anomaly detective work, more thanover they are based on manually burst conditions that dumbfound sure (rather than previously seen) system demeanours. They avoid high untrue frighten judge ca utilize by decriminalise merely unseen behavior in the anomaly sleuthing approach. Their drawback lies in more time-consumption as they develop exposit specifications. Thus, atomic number 53 has to business off specification nurture travail for increase false negatives (i.e., likelihood that some attacks may be missed). heuristic rule rule approaches for perception in PCs complicate semantics-based, visualization-based, tender network based, sec based, cryptologic based, difference par based, nucleus based contracting approaches. For maculation in officious, immune system-based, memory acquisition-based, suspicious API call patterns, differential coefficient fault abbrevia tion approach, Intercomponent communication theory are the approaches that comes under heuristic category. some(prenominal) enquiry has been conducted on development self-loading malware classification systems employ info digging and machine-learning approaches. However, due to various stealing techniques knowing by malware authors, more or less malwares remain undetectable. governanceThis report presents a minute sixth sense on malware analysis in both the personalised information processing system (PC) bailiwick and the active domain, based on belles-lettres great deal make from 1987. First, the various forms of malware and the trespass of malware in PC and mobile phones are discussed. Also, their preponderance in close used in operation(p) systems much(prenominal) as Windows (for PCs) and mechanical man (for mobile) is focused. Second, the literature resume explaining the present-day(a) undercover work approaches are compared with the antediluvian pa triarch approaches and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, research questions and findings are discussed, large key ideas for malware researchers to develop a more vigorous and efficient detection approach, to change protection and swerve risks, applicable to real-world scenario.